32 results
Technical Summary
-
- By Thomas B. Johansson, Lund University, Nebojsa Nakicenovic, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and Vienna University of Technology, Anand Patwardhan, Indian Institute of Technology, Luis Gomez-Echeverri, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Doug J. Arent, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Rangan Banerjee, Indian Institute of Technology, Sally M. Benson, Stanford University, Daniel H. Bouille, Bariloche Foundation, Abeeku Brew-Hammond, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Aleh Cherp, Central European University, Suani T. Coelho, National Reference Center on Biomass, University of São Paulo, Lisa Emberson, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, Maria Josefina Figueroa, Technical University, Arnulf Grubler, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria and Yale University, Kebin He, Tsinghua University, Mark Jaccard, Simon Fraser University, Suzana Kahn Ribeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Stephen Karekezi, AFREPREN/FWD, Eric D. Larson, Princeton University and Climate Central, Zheng Li, Tsinghua University, Susan McDade, United Nations Development Programme, Lynn K. Mytelka, United Nations University-MERIT, Shonali Pachauri, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Keywan Riahi, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Johan Rockström, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm University, Hans-Holger Rogner, International Atomic Energy Agency, Joyashree Roy, Jadavpur University, Robert N. Schock, World Energy Council, UK and Center for Global Security Research, Ralph Sims, Massey University, Kirk R. Smith, University of California, Wim C. Turkenburg, Utrecht University, Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Central European University, Frank von Hippel, Princeton University, Kurt Yeager, Electric Power Research Institute and Galvin Electricity Initiative
- Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
-
- Book:
- Global Energy Assessment
- Published online:
- 05 September 2012
- Print publication:
- 27 August 2012, pp 31-94
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Energy is essential for human development and energy systems are a crucial entry point for addressing the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, including sustainable economic, and social development, poverty eradication, adequate food production and food security, health for all, climate protection, conservation of ecosystems, peace, and security. Yet, more than a decade into the 21st century, current energy systems do not meet these challenges.
In this context, two considerations are important. The first is the capacity and agility of the players within the energy system to seize opportunities in response to these challenges. The second is the response capacity of the energy system itself, as the investments are long-term and tend to follow standard financial patterns, mainly avoiding risks and price instabilities. This traditional approach does not embrace the transformation needed to respond properly to the economic, environmental, and social sustainability challenges of the 21st century.
A major transformation is required to address these challenges and to avoid potentially catastrophic consequences for human and planetary systems. The GEA identifies strategies that could help resolve the multiple challenges simultaneously and bring multiple benefits. Their successful implementation requires determined, sustained, and immediate action.
The industrial revolution catapulted humanity onto an explosive development path, whereby reliance on muscle power and traditional biomass was replaced mostly by fossil fuels. In 2005, approximately 78% of global energy was based on fossil energy sources that provided abundant and ever cheaper energy services to more than half the world's population.
STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: FR. JOHN A. RYAN AND THE MINIMUM WAGE MOVEMENT
- J. DANIEL HAMMOND
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the History of Economic Thought / Volume 33 / Issue 4 / December 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 December 2011, pp. 449-466
- Print publication:
- December 2011
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Fr. John A. Ryan (1869–1945) was one of the early advocates of minimum wage laws in the United States. The thesis of this paper is that in three respects Fr. Ryan stood apart from other advocates of the minimum wage. First, during the period of his work, economics was developing on the basis of the positivist conception of science. Fr. Ryan’s case for the minimum wage combined economics with “non-scientific” theology and philosophy. Second, most religiously motivated American reformers were Protestants, and their advocacy was grounded in the Protestant Social Gospel movement. This was different from Fr. Ryan’s grounding in the social encyclicals of Popes Leo XIII and Pius XI, which themselves were grounded in the Catholic Church’s constant teaching that man is made in the image of God. Third, many reformers were motivated not at all by religion, but by the utilitarian calculus that had become the foundation of the social sciences. Although Fr. Ryan made utilitarian judgments in his analysis, he was not an ethical utilitarian.
Two - Markets, Politics, and Democracy at Chicago
- from Part One - Economics Built for Policy: the Legacy of Milton Friedman
-
- By J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University
- Edited by Robert Van Horn, University of Rhode Island, Philip Mirowski, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Thomas A. Stapleford, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
-
- Book:
- Building Chicago Economics
- Published online:
- 05 November 2011
- Print publication:
- 17 October 2011, pp 36-64
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
In September and October 1975, New York Times columnist Anthony Lewis reported on the University of Chicago pedigree of the Pinochet government’s economic program. The so-called Chicago Boys, a group of Chilean alumni of the University of Chicago, had written a set of policy recommendations for Jorge Alessandri when he was a candidate in Chile’s 1970 presidential election. The election was won by Salvador Allende. In October 1973, a month after the military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet, the Chicago Boys published their policy recommendations as “El Ladrillo” (The Brick). Several members of the group were subsequently appointed to positions in the government. Anthony Lewis portrayed Friedman, who had visited Chile in the spring of 1975 with Arnold Harberger, as the “guiding light” of the Pinochet economic policy, a “policy that could not be imposed on a free society” (October 2, 1975). He attributed to Friedman the idea that a growing disparity of incomes between the rich and poor is part of the mechanism by which anti-inflation policy works. Lewis asked “if the pure Chicago economic theory can be carried out in Chile only at the price of repression should its authors feel some responsibility? There are troubling questions here about the social role of academics” (October 2, 1975).
Almost immediately, protests began on the University of Chicago campus under the auspices of the “Committee against Friedman/Harberger Collaboration with the Chilean Junta.” Protesters demanded that Friedman be driven out of the university. The protests and harassment lasted for the next five years, reaching a peak after the announcement that Friedman would receive the 1976 Nobel Prize. Friedman had fewer defenders among academics than one might expect given the collegiate totem of academic freedom. Some balanced their defense of Friedman’s rights against the gravity of the charges of giving policy advice to a repressive regime. Other academics joined the protesters. Nobel laureates George Wald and Linus Pauling wrote to the New York Times (October 24, 1976) accusing Friedman of being an accessory to human rights crimes. In a second letter published alongside theirs, two other Nobel laureates, David Baltimore and S. E. Luria, characterized the Nobel Prize committee’s selection of Friedman as “an insult to the people of Chile, burdened by the reactionary economic measures sponsored by Professor Friedman.”
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contributors
-
- By Joanne R. Adler, David A. Alexander, Laurence Alison, Catherine C. Ayoub, Peter Banister, Anthony R. Beech, Amanda Biggs, Julian Boon, Adrian Bowers, Neil Brewer, Eric Broekaert, Paula Brough, Jennifer M. Brown, Kevin Browne, Elizabeth A. Campbell, David Canter, Michael Carlin, Shihning Chou, Martin A. Conway, Claire Cooke, David Cooke, Ilse Derluyn, Robert J. Edelmann, Vincent Egan, Tom Ellis, Marie Eyre, David P. Farrington, Seena Fazel, Daniel B. Fishman, Victoria Follette, Katarina Fritzon, Elizabeth Gilchrist, Nathan D. Gillard, Renée Gobeil, Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Jane Goodman-Delahunty, Lynsey Gozna, Don Grubin, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Helinä Häkkänen-Nyholm, Guy Hall, Nathan Hall, Roisin Hall, Sean Hammond, Leigh Harkins, Grant T. Harris, Camilla Herbert, Robert D. Hoge, Todd E. Hogue, Clive R. Hollin, Lorraine Hope, Miranda A. H. Horvath, Kevin Howells, Carol A. Ireland, Jane L. Ireland, Mark Kebbell, Michael King, Bruce D. Kirkcaldy, Heidi La Bash, Cara Laney, William R. Lindsay, Elizabeth F. Loftus, L. E. Marshall, W. L. Marshall, James McGuire, Neil McKeganey, T. M. McMillan, Mary McMurran, Joav Merrick, Becky Milne, Joanne M. Nadkarni, Claire Nee, M. D. O’Brien, William O’Donohue, Darragh O’Neill, Jane Palmer, Adria Pearson, Derek Perkins, Devon L. L. Polaschek, Louise E. Porter, Charlotte C. Powell, Graham E. Powell, Martine Powell, Christine Puckering, Ethel Quayle, Vernon L. Quinsey, Marnie E. Rice, Randall Richardson-Vejlgaard, Richard Rogers, Louis B Schlesinger, Carolyn Semmler, G. A. Serran, Ralph C. Serin, John L. Taylor, Max Taylor, Brian Thomas-Peter, Paul A. Tiffin, Graham Towl, Rosie Travers, Arlene Vetere, Graham Wagstaff, Helen Wakeling, Fiona Warren, Brandon C. Welsh, David Wexler, Margaret Wilson, Dan Yarmey, Susan Young
- Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 29 April 2010, pp xix-xxiii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics, Daniel M. Hausman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, xi + 372 pages.
- J. Daniel Hammond
-
- Journal:
- Economics & Philosophy / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / October 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 October 2009, pp. 338-342
-
- Article
- Export citation
D. E. Moggridge, Harry Johnson: A Life in Economics. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. xxii, 486, $90.00. ISBN 978-0-521-87482-3.
- J. Daniel Hammond
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the History of Economic Thought / Volume 31 / Issue 3 / September 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2009, pp. 409-412
- Print publication:
- September 2009
-
- Article
- Export citation
2 - Early drafts of Friedman's methodology essay
- Edited by Uskali Mäki, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
-
- Book:
- The Methodology of Positive Economics
- Published online:
- 02 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 28 May 2009, pp 68-89
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Milton Friedman's essay, “The methodology of positive economics” (F53), has been many things to many people since it was published in 1953 as the “Introduction” to Essays in Positive Economics. Generations of graduate students have learned a lesson (the lesson for most) in what it means for economics to be a science. Philosophers and methodologists have seen it as Friedman's apologetic for this or that philosophy of science. Some have used it as a whipping boy to expose the philosophical naiveté of economists. Others have used it to frame the parameters of the “Chicago school.”
For close to four decades after its publication those who have used the essay treated it as the beginning and end of Friedman's methodology. More recently this has changed as interpreters and critics have looked to other works by Friedman, on methodology and on economics, and into the context from which he wrote it for insights to the essay's substance.
A 1988 interview with Milton Friedman (Hammond 1992a) began to uncover the unpublished historical background for Friedman's methodology. However, while he talked at length in the interview about his methodology and speculated about its intellectual roots, Friedman was unable to shed any light on the history of the essay itself. He said, ‘I don't really remember why I wrote that article to tell you the truth … What I don't know is whether the idea of the collection of essays came first, or the essay came first’ (Hammond 1992a, 106). This history, the history of the making of the essay, is important for our understanding of the text in the narrow sense and Friedman's methodology in the broader sense.
Effect of breed and age on stearoyl co-enzyme A desaturase expression in the omental adipose tissue of Texel, Beulah and Soay sheep
- Z. C. T. R. Daniel, L. E. Hammond, J. M Dawson, A. M. Salter, P. J. Buttery
-
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science / Volume 2005 / 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 November 2017, p. 143
- Print publication:
- 2005
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Adipose tissue becomes more saturated and less unsaturated with age (Kemp et al., 1981). Desaturation of stearic acid to the oleic acid is catalysed by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and increasing the degree of desaturation of lamb is likely to be beneficial in terms of human nutrition. By altering the levels of ovine SCD mRNA, the supply of oleic acid to the tissue could be manipulated, resulting in a practical method of changing the fatty acid profile of the animals meat. Previous work in our laboratory has shown variability between adipose tissue depots in their expression of SCD and that this variability is associated with changes in oleic acid content (Daniel et al, 2004). Such differences in SCD expression between depots implies that there may be even larger variation in SCD expression between breeds. A sheep breed with particularly high level of SCD mRNA could then be exploited through breeding programmes to produce animals with increased desaturase activity and therefore increased oleic acid content. Three sheep breeds, Texel, Beulah and Soay, were therefore used to study the influence of breed and age on SCD expression.
Sherryl Davis Kasper, The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of the Pioneers (Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002), pp. viii, 177, $80.00. ISBN 1-84064-606-3.
- J. Daniel Hammond
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the History of Economic Thought / Volume 26 / Issue 1 / March 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 June 2009, pp. 132-134
- Print publication:
- March 2004
-
- Article
- Export citation
Kevin D. Hoover, Causality in Macroeconomics (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. xiii, 311, hb $70.00, ISBN 0-521-45217-1; pb $25.00, ISBN 0-521-00288-5.
- J. Daniel Hammond
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the History of Economic Thought / Volume 25 / Issue 3 / September 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 June 2009, pp. 369-372
- Print publication:
- September 2003
-
- Article
- Export citation
Remembering Economics
- J. Daniel Hammond
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the History of Economic Thought / Volume 25 / Issue 2 / June 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 June 2009, pp. 133-143
- Print publication:
- June 2003
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
I showed a draft of my presidential address to a friend the other day. He read for a few minutes, then looked up at me and said, “Your address will be remembered long after The Wealth of Nations, Ricardo's Principles, and The General Theory are all forgotten, but not until then!”
Remembering is what we who read, write, and teach history of economics are about. Historians preserve memory; we collect historical facts, organize them, and store them in conceptual filing systems. Remembering accurately and fully is hard work. Memory is tricky. It is always incomplete. It is well known that different witnesses to an event such as a traffic accident can remember the event quite differently, so that their accounts of what happened seem incompatible with each other. They may even appear not to be reports of the same event.
Brian Snowdon and Howard R. Vane, Conversations with Leading Economists: Interpreting Modern Macroeconomics (Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 1999) pp. xi, 370, $100. ISBN 1 85898 942 6.
- J. Daniel Hammond
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the History of Economic Thought / Volume 23 / Issue 3 / September 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 June 2009, pp. 406-408
- Print publication:
- September 2001
-
- Article
- Export citation
2 - Origins of Friedman's Marshallian Methodology
- J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Theory and Measurement
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 March 1996, pp 26-45
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Despite the large influence of Milton Friedman on economists', public officials', and the public's understanding of the role of money in business cycles, his analysis has always been considered suspect on theoretical grounds. At least it has been so considered by economists outside the ambit of the University of Chicago. The Cowles Commission “measurement without theory” charge against National Bureau analysis dogged Friedman through the 1960s in persistent requests by critics that he write down his theoretical model. “Money and Business Cycles” (1963a) and the Monetary History (1963b) were widely regarded as important contributions to the empirical record of evidence on money and income and to historical analysis, but they were regarded as incomplete and suspect because of the absence of a satisfactory theoretical model. Eventually Friedman responded with two models in Journal of Political Economy (JPE) articles “A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis” (1970b) and “A Monetary Theory of Nominal Income” (1971b). Four critiques of these models were assembled in a 1972 JPE symposium on “Milton Friedman's Monetary Framework” (reprinted in Gordon, ed., 1974). The critics (Karl Brunner and Allan Meltzer, James Tobin, Paul Davidson, and Don Patinkin) were unanimous in judging that Friedman's model(s) was not sufficient to account for his empirical results and for received monetary theory.
A decade later Friedman and Schwartz published the final volume from their National Bureau monetary factors in business cycles project, the long-awaited Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom (1982).
8 - Friedman and His Critics on the Theoretical Framework
- J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Theory and Measurement
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 March 1996, pp 140-165
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
This chapter considers what has come to be known as the debate over Friedman's monetary framework, which took place initially in a September/October 1972 JPE symposium and continued in a 1974 Brown University symposium. The debate was the culmination of the theoretical criticism of Friedman and Schwartz's work on money and business cycles.
By the late 1960s they had published several major works from their National Bureau research project; Friedman had published a number of critiques of Keynesian analysis and of Keynesian inspired large-scale econometric models; he had challenged the efficacy of fiscal policy, which was a cornerstone of Keynesian “New Economics” in Washington; and he had sent forth a number of Chicago-trained monetary economists into leading academic institutions. There was a distinctive Chicago school of thought on money and monetary policy. Indeed, Friedman's interest and skill at communicating his views to the general public through forums such as his Newsweek column and debates such as with President Kennedy's chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, Walter Heller, made the Chicago school famous outside as well as within academia. But within the community of economists, doubts remained about the theoretical underpinnings of the Chicago doctrine.
Because the prevailing orthodoxy in macroeconomics was Keynesianism, and therefore most of Friedman's critics identified themselves as Keynesians, Friedman and his critics alike tended to set the distinctive ideas emanating from Chicago in opposition to Keynesianism.
Acknowledgments
- J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Theory and Measurement
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 March 1996, pp ix-x
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
7 - Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc: Part II
- J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Theory and Measurement
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 March 1996, pp 124-139
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
The most famous encounter of Friedman with another economist over the causal significance of his evidence on the lag of monetary policy was with James Tobin in the May 1970 Quarterly Journal of Economics. In some respects this was a replay of the exchanges ten years earlier with Culbertson and Clark. But no doubt because of Tobin's greater stature than Culbertson in the profession, because of the growth of Friedman's stature and notoriety in the dominant Keynesian milieu over the ensuing decade, and the widely held belief that money doesn't matter, the Tobin–Friedman exchange came to overshadow the earlier one between Culbertson and Friedman. Culbertson was no Keynesian; his methodological strictures against Keynesian consumption and money demand functions were just as severe as those against Friedman's lag doctrine. (See Culbertson, 1968, ch.5.)
Culbertson had reacted to one report of Friedman's empirical evidence on the lag, his 1959 Joint Economic Committee testimony, and two of his policy proposals, “A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability” (1948b) and A Program for Monetary Stability (1960). By 1970, when Tobin made his post hoc critique, Friedman had published three other statements of the fruits of his and Schwartz's empirical research that were receiving great attention. These were, with Schwartz as coauthor, “Money and Business Cycles” (1963a) and the Monetary History (1963b) and, with Friedman as sole author, “The Monetary Studies of the National Bureau” (1964a).
1 - Theory and Measurement at the National Bureau
- J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Theory and Measurement
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 March 1996, pp 5-25
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
“Measurement Without Theory” was the title that Tjalling Koopmans gave his famous review of Arthur Burns and Wesley Mitchell's Measuring Business Cycles. That phrase seemed to sum up the differences between the ascendant Cowles Commission approach and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) approach to macroeconomic, or business-cycle, analysis in 1947. Whereas both organizations shared a concern for understanding business-cycle phenomena in order to provide a basis for control, their means to this end differed markedly. The Cowles Commission objective was to wed neoclassical economic theory and modern probabilistically based econometrics. They were actually creating what came to be recognized as modern econometrics, their emphasis was on theory. The National Bureau objective, as Koopmans indicated, had much more to do with measurement. A large portion of the effort at the National Bureau went toward developing measurement concepts such as national income accounts and the “reference cycle,” along with their related data series. National Bureau analysis of business cycles consisted of separating trends and cycles in time series, and relating patterns in cycles across different series. Burns and Mitchell's book epitomized for Koopmans the National Bureau's atheoretic approach and its fruitlessness for understanding business-cycle phenomena.
Koopmans was neither the first nor the last critic to bring the charge of “measurement without theory” against the National Bureau. The question of the relationship between the work done there under Mitchell's leadership and neoclassical economic theory was an old one.
Conclusion
- J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Theory and Measurement
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 March 1996, pp 208-214
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
In carrying on the distinctive National Bureau business-cycle work begun by their mentors Arthur Burns and Wesley Mitchell, Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz revived interest in monetary economics and built a consensus on the macroeconomic power of changes in the money supply. Economists and public officials have a much better understanding of what central banks can and cannot do with regard to income and prices than they had forty years ago, an understanding for which Friedman and Schwartz deserve and are given much credit. To this extent, the court of public and professional opinion has treated their work favorably. Yet their methods and results were intensely controversial every step of the way. What has been called the “black box of monetarism,” or an inadequate theoretical framework, was a persistent theme in reactions to their work, even from critics who shared their views on the significance of money and the role of monetary policy.
When they began their collaboration in the late 1940s, Friedman thought that Marshallian value theory provided a good explanation of relative prices and the quantity theory, of price level statics. But he thought little was known about the dynamic problem of business cycles. Friedman and Schwartz believed that empirical investigations were the surest route to this undiscovered knowledge.
At the time, there were two traditions to call upon for empirical work, the National Bureau approach and the Cowles Commission econometric program.
9 - The Great Depression
- J. Daniel Hammond, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
-
- Book:
- Theory and Measurement
- Published online:
- 16 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 March 1996, pp 166-186
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
In this chapter we review the debate set off by Chapter 7 of Friedman and Schwartz's Monetary History. “The Great Contraction” marked a watershed in thinking about the greatest economic calamity in modern times. Until Friedman and Schwartz provoked the interest of economists by rehabilitating monetary theory and history, neither economic theorists nor economic historians devoted as much attention to the Depression as historians.
Macroeconomists' time-series econometric methods do not allow them to attach importance to individual historical episodes. From their perspective the Depression appeared more an econometric problem to be circumvented than a puzzle to be understood. One of the key assumptions in time-series estimation of economic structure is that the structure remains unchanged through the period covered by the econometrician’. Common sense suggested that the Depression, and the new government presence in economic and business affairs from President Roosevelt' New Deal and World War II, marked a point at which the structure of the U.S. economy was likely to have changed. This econometric problem, plus the greater urgency attached to understanding the contemporary economy in the heyday of the “New Economics” of the 1960s, suggested that the most appropriate data for econometricians was postwar quarterly data.
For the economic historians, the contraction of 1929–33 was too recent to hold much interest. Time would have to pass for the Depression to become history. The topics getting the most attention from economic historians in the 1950s were business, labor, and manufacturing history.